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KMID : 0984920180200010013
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Journal of Skin Barrier Research
2018 Volume.20 No. 1 p.13 ~ p.22
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Functional Insights of Ceramides in Epidermis
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Lee Eun-Young
Han Yu-Jia
Shin Jea-Young
Kim Yeon-Kyung
Pyo Jeong-Joo
Ahn Sung-Jin
Ha Jae-Hyoun
Noh Min-Soo
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Abstract
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Intercellular lipids of stratum corneum mainly consist of ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Ceramides are synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the lamellar bodies which provide intercellular lipids in stratum corneum during epidermal differentiation. The lipid mass of ceramides is approximately 50% of the intercellular lipid contents in stratum corneum. The decrease in ceramide levels significantly impairs the integrity of skin permeability barrier and results in the increase in transepidermal water loss. The content and quantity of ceramides can directly affect the lamellar layer rigidity of stratum corneum lipid matrix and genetic mutations or polymorphisms of ceramide metabolic enzymes are associated with the disrupted skin barrier functions. In addition to the structural role in skin permeability barrier, ceramides are important in the regulation of cell biology functions such as ultraviolet B irradiation-induced cellular apoptosis, inflammation-related autophagy, and the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Besides skin, ceramides and their metabolites are also interested in other tissues because ceramides are associated with various human diseases like diabetes and cancers. Notably, skin microbiota can affect the ceramide metabolism and change the content of ceramides and their metabolites in stratum corneum lipid matrix. Sphingosine choline phosphotransferase and sphingomyelin deacylase may increase sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a ceramide metabolite increased in the stratum corneum of some atopic patient population. The genes of these metabolic enzymes responsible for the increase in SPC have not been discovered in human cell studies. It is possible that the abnormal SPC production in atopic skin may be associated with microorganism-derived ceramide metabolic enzymes. Therefore, research on skin microbiota should be directed toward the elucidation of microbiota-associated ceramide metabolic enzymes to understand the ceramide homeostasis in human epidermis.
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KEYWORD
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Ceramide, Skin permeability barrier, Skin microbiome, Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC)
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